Lombroso s An Insane Asylum Essay - 1272 Words

According to Lombroso his theories were sparked by an autopsy of a criminal in an insane asylum. He discovered an abnormality that he deemed to be common with lower animals. Lombroso is quoted as saying, â€Å"At the sight of that skull, I seemed to see all of a sudden (†¦) the problem of the nature of the criminal – an atavistic being who reproduces in his person the ferocious instincts of primitive humanity and the inferior animals.† By modern standards Lombroso’s sweeping generalizations would be regarded as crude at best. However, Lombroso did indicate many symptoms of mental illness as possible indicators of â€Å"born criminality.† The epileptic and the insane were a subset within Lombroso’s â€Å"born criminal.† Many of his assertions on the attributes of criminals were wildly off base, however he did bring a focus onto the biological and away from the soul as the reason for deviance. His assumptions spread far and wide througho ut the nineteenth century; for example during a trial in Ohio a housekeeper’s head was measured to see whether or not she should be charged with the poisoning of a young boy. Lombroso himself performed thousands of autopsies and examined many a brain. His theories inspired a craze for dissection and understanding of the brain. The nineteenth century saw an explosion in knowledge regarding the brain unlike any before. For centuries, the brain had been considered the seat of human intelligence. However, the brain of the classics was a singular organ ofShow MoreRelatedCompare Beccaria and Lombroso Essay2327 Words   |  10 Pagesare relative and historically shaped; they vary from time to time and from place to place (Carrabine et al, 2009). This essay will be comparing the competing ideologies of two key thinkers in criminology; Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909). Cesare Beccaria is considered to be the ‘father’ of criminology and is associated with the classical school of criminology, although he was not a criminologist but an Italian economist; criminology did not exist at this time. BeccariaRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesbehaviour Identified 26-35 special faculties of the brain 3 regions of the brain Intellectual faculties Moral sentiments Lower function This region was associated with criminal behavior. This function can be in check by the other 2. Cesare Lombroso(1835-1909) Founder of positive thought Provided medical services in army and prison Compared physical characteristics of individuals (study criminals in prison and compare them to a controlled group through Phrenology) Heavily influenced by Darwin’s

Domestic Violence Overcoming A Traumatic Event - 1799 Words

Domestic Violence: Overcoming a Traumatic Event as the Victim. By Nakia Williams Virginia Union University 2016 Abstract [Overcoming Domestic Violence as a Victim: A Qualitative Search Method on the future behavior of Domestic Violence victims]. [Nakia Williams, 2016]. [ERIC Descriptors: Domestic Violence, Victims, Love, Abuse, Knowledge, Humiliation, Dominancy] This study is designed to provide information to people in the community, professors, students, and law enforcers that interested in gaining more information about Domestic Violence Victims and how their situation can possibility impact the behavior and success that they are or will display in the future. The material provided will come from a variety of Electronic Databases retrieved from the Internet. Information from Police Reports are likely to examine the harm inflicted on Domestic Violence victims. Analyzing the data will provide the audience withShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe term domestic violence is defined as the deliberate frightening, sexual and physical assault, or a beh avior that is abusive or intolerable to others as a part of the regular sequence of power and the domination executed by one confidant companion to the other. The patterns of domestic violence usually comprise of the sexual violence, abusing the partner emotionally, psychological assault, and the physical violence. It is dramatic that how the severity and the frequency of the occurrences of theRead MoreTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MoreThe Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1501 Words   |  7 Pagestheir trauma (Getz, 2012).† First trauma-Focused cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is an evidence based treatment is a model designed to assist children and their families in overcoming the negative effects of traumatic experience. There are many types of trauma events such as child abuse, domestic violence, rape violent and community violence and etc. I will be discussing three main section which are: Facing trauma, Evidence based treatment and what differentiates TF-CBT. Read MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Sexual Abuse On Adults Sexual Behavior1521 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Abuse on Adults Sexual Behavior Jamila Kamara Dr. Lauren Vansluytman Morgan State University Sexual abuse leaves many scars, creating feelings of guilt, anger, and fear that haunt survivors throughout their lives. These traumatic experiences can be detrimental to the victims’ sense of their own sexuality. Numerous individuals who have been abused have trouble pursuing adult relationships and engaging in sex  as an adult. The abuse can color a person s sexuality, preventingRead MoreIs It No Longer Relevant? Humans?878 Words   |  4 Pagesthere still exist conditions similar to those of more primitive times. To depict such conditions, one can imagine any situation in which there is considerable deviance away from standards considered acceptable or normal, such as extreme poverty, violence, domestic, sexual, emotional, mental abuse, health problems, etc. Despite our efforts to suppress such dysfunction, it continues on, inciting the ambitious hope of one day seeing its extinction. It is simply too unmanageable to completely get rid ofRead MoreThe Goals Of Poetry Therapy1603 Words   |  7 Pagesinspirational, etc . While â€Å"the accomplishment of a poem can be publicly recognized by saving, sharing, reading, posting, and publishing’’ -unknown .The act of creating poetry is joyful and self-reinforcing, even when the content is about a sad or traumatic event.†People who write poetry can become more in touch with larger issues of life’s meaning and connectedness, developing a spiritual appreciation of life†-NACP.The act of writing a poem is a skill that people can use to help themselves over and overRead MoreImplications Of Stress. Stress, One Of The Most Common1368 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished after experiencing, or witnessing a life-threatening event. This is predominately an issue related to first responders and army personnel. The impact of stress is not limited to the job, but other factors as well. An article composed by Roberts and Levenson states â€Å"stress and physical exhaustion police officers experience leads to a myriad of psychological, lifestyle, and relationship problems including divorce, alcoholism, domestic violence, and emotional disturbances† (2001). However, stress doesRead MorePtsd and Trauma Focused Cbt4144 Words   |  17 Pagesand Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many children are exposed to traumatic events before they even become adults. All around the world they are exposed to child abuse, rape, natural disasters, terrorism, car accidents, and school violence among many others. Studies have shown that these traumatic events, if left untreated, can result in significant psychological problems, such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other anxiety disorders, depression, or a number of otherRead MorePeace Domestic Violence Agency Essay2172 Words   |  9 PagesPEACE Domestic Violence Agency HSM 270 - Program Summary Axia – University of Phoenix STUDENT’S NAME Date, 2009 OVERVIEW OF THE PROGRAM PEACE Domestic Violence Agency provides a variety of ways to improve the efficiency of domesticated issues, servicing victims of sexual assaults and domestic violence. Their central focus is derived from a strategic mission statement, consequential approach, which essentially regulates the business’ calculated goals. Central Focus: I.) Decrease victimRead MoreShackles: Overcoming Domestic Abuse, by Malaika Cohen2572 Words   |  11 Pagesessay explores the story of Malaika Cohen and her account of experiencing and overcoming domestic abuse. In her book â€Å"Shackles† Malaika describes various forms of domestic abuse from life as a young child with a controlling Mother and a physically abusive Father which continued into her adult romantic relationships. It will highlight the changes to legislation since Malaika was a victim and how the meaning of domestic abuse has changed over the years. It will also take a look at behaviour patterns

Essay on What is useful in Freuds theory of dreams

 « The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind  ».1 While Freud already used hypnosis and free association with his patients, he soon felt the need to include the interpretation of dreams in psychoanalysis as well. Freud decided he would developped his theory of dreams to go further in his analysis. According to Freud, dreams allow unconscious desires, fears or emotions to express themselves in a disguised way. Dreams are an expression of wish fulfilment communicating through symbols. Throughout this essay, we will ask ourselves how dreams and their interpretation can be useful to psychoanalysis. Why pay attention to night unconsciousness to go deeper in the analysis? How and why†¦show more content†¦When our body gets too tired of receiving and responding to external stimuli w go to be to escape external sensations affecting us.  « Sleep is a state in which I want to know nothing of the external world  ».4 We close curtains, turn off the light, withdraw to a silent and empty room, hide under sheets to no longer hear, feel nor see : we disconnect from reality.  « Our relation to the world, into which we have come so 1 FREUD, Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams, translated by A.A. Brill in 1911, Plain Label Books, (Chumley P. Grumley:1913) 2 FREUD, Sigmund, Sur le Rà ªve, (Gallimard Paris : 1998) p 46-47 3 FREUD, Sigmund, 1. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, translated by James Strachey, (Penguin Books : 1991), p 116 4 FREUD, Sigmund, 1. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, translated by James Strachey, (Penguin Books : 1991), p 117 unwillingly, seems to involve our not being able to tolerate it uninterruptedly  ». 5A total detachment from stimuli seems impossible because if such a condition existed, the sleeper would never be waken up. We are never totally switched off ; in our sleep, we are reached by stimuli provoking our dreams. Dreaming is an intervention of  « mental life  »6 interrupting the sleeper in a disguised way. Dreams occur in a state which is between sleep – where no stimuli distract the sleeper – and waking. The best rest can be find in sleeping withoutShow MoreRelatedPsychology Freuds Theory on Dreams1420 Words   |  6 PagesFreud’s Theory on Dreams We as humans are an incredible species. We continue to evolve and create new inventions as time goes on. However, there are some very important tasks we must do on a daily basis if we are to do these extraordinary things at our best. Is has been proven that we all require sleep to function at our highest. There are many questions revolving around the huge topic of sleep; for instance why do we need it? What does sleep actually do for our brains and bodies? One thatRead MoreThe Theories Of Jung And Freud978 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologists dismiss the theories of Jung and Freud as unscientific, they are very well known and highly influential. Why do you think this is? Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud are two of the most well known psychologists due to both their contributions to psychology that are still relevant today and also the controversial nature of their work. Many psychologists believed that their work was not scientific and therefore not useful in psychology. For example, Freud’s theories are considered unfalsifiableRead MorePsychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler1406 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Psychoanalytic Theory According to Freud and Adler Introduction The field of psychology has produced a variety of influential theories. The major schools of thought in the field have distinct philosophical and empirical foundations which have shaped their goals as well as their methods. Although no particular school of thought has given us an exhaustive understanding of human psychology, each has produced ideas that are useful for understanding particular areas of it. The modern period of psychologyRead MoreEssay on Inside the Head of Sigmund Freud1568 Words   |  7 Pagesremembrance as well in providing useful and technical information that will advance us in the future. Amongst these men lie Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin, and Marie Curie. One name who is highly debated and criticized for his theories is neurologist Sigmund Freud. Arguments take place in order to prove Sigmund’s authenticity and the level of influence that he contributed. Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born May 6, 1856 in Moravia. Freud is highly known for his theories of the unconscious mindRead MoreAnalytical Essays On Analytical Psychology1115 Words   |  5 PagesRelation of the Ego to the Unconscious, which are 1928 revisions of previously written papers. Jung, who was Freud’s well-known disciple from 1909 to 1914, held ideas different from Freud’s and Adler’s that eventually led to personal differences between them, particularly with Freud; their followers have continued these differences. One of the point of disagreement is Jung’s opinion that Freud’s concept of the libido is too concerned with sexuality and that Adler’s will to power is also too simplisticRead MoreEssay on Sigmund Freud714 Words   |  3 Pagesinvented new techniques and for understanding human behavior, his efforts resulted in one of the most comprehensive theories of psychology developed. Freud was born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg in Moravia (what is now Czechoslovakia) to his Jewish parents, his father Jacob who was a wool merchant and his mother Amalia Nathansohn. His father Jacob was 20 years older than, Amalia, Freuds mother and Freud had to older brothers from his fathers previous marriage. Sigmund Freud was born Scholomo SigismundRead MoreThe view of the unconscious between Jung and Freud vary in different aspects. These famous600 Words   |  3 Pagesthe years went by their friendship declined due to irreconcilable differences in the theory of psychoanalysis. Jung deemed that Freud was fixated on aggression and sexuality being the motivating dynamic in his theories. He also thought that Freud was excessively negative towards the theory of the unconscious. Eventually, the two parted ways after Jung left the International Psychoanalytic Congress. Freud’s understanding of the unconscious is organized into three echelons: the conscious mindRead MoreDreams Are From The Book Your Soul Is Writing About You1201 Words   |  5 PagesDreams are illustrations from the book your soul is writing about you Marsha Norman The Interpretation of Dreams was published by Sigmund Freud in the year 1900 as a thought provoking compilation of ideas surrounding the cognitive processes of dreaming. Although it has been translated and edited since its original publishing date, it reads as if to hold true to Freudian fashion; addressing levels of consciousness and their effects on how specific dreams are formed. Freud makes a clear and reverentRead MoreDreaming from Various Sources1456 Words   |  6 Pagesresearcher to researcher. As such, this paper will also detail the different theories about the usefulness of dreams. This paper will also take time to explain what a dream is, when dreams happen, and what their potential purposes may be. To start this paper, we first must understand what a dream is. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a dream is a series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep. Dreams take the things we see during our waking hours and translate them intoRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Dreams By Sigmund Freud1344 Words   |  6 PagesSome dream big, some dream small, and sadly some dream not at all The Interpretation of Dreams was published by Sigmund Freud in the year 1900 as a thought provoking compilation of ideas surrounding the cognitive processes of dreaming. Although this book has been translated and edited since its original publishing date, it reads as if to hold true to Freudian fashion; addressing levels of consciousness and their effects on how specific dreams are formed. Freud makes a clear and reverent effort

Rethinking Project Management - 9242 Words

ReINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT International Journal of Project Management 24 (2006) 675–686 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman Rethinking Project Management: Researching the actuality of projects Svetlana Cicmil a c a,* , Terry Williams b, Janice Thomas c, Damian Hodgson d Bristol Business School, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK b School of Management, University of Southampton, Highï ¬ eld, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK School of Innovative Management, Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, Canada AB T9S 3A3 d Manchester Business School, Booth Street West, Manchester M15 6PB, UK Abstract This paper puts forth the somewhat controversial position that what†¦show more content†¦2. Understanding project actuality At this point, we draw the reader’s attention to the paper in this issue by Winter et al. [1] which summarises and discusses the principle ï ¬ nding of the Network – the proposed shift in thinking and research orientation to tackle the identiï ¬ ed and so far neglected themes from practitioners’ experiences with project working and management in a novel way, thus creating knowledge which is relevant to practice and reï ¬â€šects the interests of both academic and practitioner communities. In a nutshell, the identiï ¬ ed themes for collaborative investigation are the areas of project complexity, social process, value creation, project conceptualisation and practitioner development. Table 1 in [1] details the proposed directions, which have been used together with the methodological framework (Fig. 1 in [1]) to facilita te this paper. 3. Conceptual and theoretical considerations in project actuality research We would like to start with the premise that ‘project actuality’ encompasses the understanding of the lived experience of organisational members with work and life in their local project environments. Their actions, decisions and behaviours are understood as being embedded in and continuously re-shaped by local patterns of power relations and communicative inter-subjective interaction in real time. TheShow MoreRelatedConstruction: Rethinking Operational Stages1668 Words   |  7 Pagesusers and stakeholders value. In this regard experts in the field of construction have proposed rethinking of construction (Egan 1998) by strategically rethinking operational stages in order to decrease cost and improve performance. One of these strategic operational stages, called the briefing process has perked the interests of the researcher in the course of producing a report on value management . During a research of a case study on ABC, the researcher has observed that without a clearly definedRead MoreWhy Email Is Over For Task Management1244 Words   |  5 Pagesand open your doors to  task management software.   Why email is over for task management Marketing done over email continues to be  highly effective at attracting new customers to your business. Unfortunately, using email as a task manager has declined in favor. Despite its many merits, email remains a reactive tool. That is, you react to tasks sent to your inbox. A major drawback here is there is no legroom to proactively assign tasks to yourself, or document projects discussed in meetings or overRead MoreThe Theory Development Life Cycle Approach Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pages(RAD) have been discussed. Both methodologies can yield productive information systems if they are applied to appropriate development projects and under the right circumstances. Since business needs and system requirements are not always defined clearly, a lot of planning and efforts need to be in place in order to select the best approach for a development project, and to produce optimized results. In Honda’s information development case, it is recommended that Honda integrate the technical aspectsRead MoreChallenges Of Implementing An Erp System1435 Words   |  6 Pagesto today, there are lots of inevitable challenges that companies may confront during ERP implementation process. 1. Decision-making challenge a. Selection challenge When a company decided to execute a managerial information system implementation project, the first question that companies will face is how to select the most suitable applications on type, size, and scope that are required in the future companies business from the tons of solution applications offered on market. There is no single answerRead MoreProject Success : Project Management1505 Words   |  7 Pagesensuring project success by project managers can be very challenging due to different opinions of what constitutes project success. For a project manager to ensure project success is achieved the project manager needs to have clear understandings and the criteria for project success and also able to detect some key critical success factors that is needed for his/her project. This essay however aims to understand how a project manager might help ensure success is achieved in his or her project. ThisRead MoreHow Performance Management Is Important Challenges That People, Communiti es, And The Nation Face1815 Words   |  8 Pagesthis includes setting goals, developing and training employees, as well as merging appraisal of performance and rewarding performance into a single tool. The key to performance management is to ensure that the employee’s performance is helping meet and reach the goals set forth by the organization or company. If management process are strategically planed, created, implemented and carried out in the proper manner, great incremental changes can be made throughout an organization to increase growthRead MoreHistory of Pmo4950 Words   |  20 PagesAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.com International Journal of Project Management 26 (2008) 38–43 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman Organisational project management: An historical approach to the study of PMOs Monique Aubry *, Brian Hobbs 1, Denis Thuillier Received 3 August 2007; accepted 9 August 2007 2 `  ´  ´  ´ Universite du Quebec a Montreal Business School, Department of Management and Technology, Montreal (Quebec), Canada, H3C 3P8 Abstract This paper aims at providing aRead MoreEssay Management of Field Construction Projects1856 Words   |  8 Pagesis to present and discuss the management of field construction projects. These projects involve a great deal of time and expense, so close control and management is paramount if they are to be completed within the established time and cost limitations. The term construction management is applied to the provision of professional management services to the owner of a construction project with the objective of achieving high quality with low costs. A specialist project manager organises, schedulesRead MoreDesigning A Large E Commerce Transformation Project2045 Words   |  9 PagesAs I grew from a developer to technology lead to Project Manager, I have started to appreciate each methodology for its own strength and weakness. Below are the strength and weakness of individual methodology that I concur based on experience. When we implemented a large E-commerce transformation project that requires the application to be ported from one platform to another, we followed waterfall methodology. Since it was replication of the same functionality, the requirements were very well documentedRead MoreAlignment Of Business Strategy And Project Management2718 Words   |  11 Pages Literature Review: Alignment of Business Strategy and Project Management [Name] [Course Title] [University] [Instructor Name] [Date] Literature Review: Alignment of Business Strategy and Project Management Introduction Projects are primary components of business organizations. Previous studies have indicated that majority of the projects fail because of time and budget constraints. Others fail because they are according to the needs and requirements of the customer. However, project’s

Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock and Candida Antarctica Free Essays

Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: using Waste Cooking Oil as feedstock and Candida Antarctica Lipase B as Biocatalyst. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTON The high cost of bio-diesel, compared to petroleum-based diesel, is a major barrier to its commercialization. It has been reported that 60-90% of bio-diesel cost arises from the cost of the feedstock oil (C. We will write a custom essay sample on Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock and Candida Antarctica or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. Lai et al. , 2005). Studies showed the potential of waste-cooking oil (WCO) as a material for biodiesel production (Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, 2008). Therefore, the use of WCO should greatly reduce the cost of bio-diesel. In addition to the choice of lipase employed, factors which make the transesterification process feasible and ready for commercialization are: enzyme modification, the selection of feedstock and alcohol, use of common solvents, pretreatment of the lipase , alcohol to oil molar ratio, water activity/content and reaction temperature. Optimization of these parameters is necessary in order to reduce the cost of biodiesel production. Use of no/low cost waste materials such as the WCO will have double environmental benefits by reducing the environmental pollution potential of the wastes and producing an environmentally friendly fuel. In addition, production of bio-diesel from WCO is considered an important step in reducing and recycling waste. A fresh vegetable oil and its waste differ significantly in water and free fatty acids (FFAs) contents, which are around 2000 ppm and 10-15%, respectively (C. C. Lai et al. , 2005; Y. Zhang et al. , 2003). Because of this the traditional alkaline-catalyzed biodiesel production is unsuitable (Zhang et al. 2003). The use of the enzyme lipase as a biocatalyst for the transesterification reaction step in biodiesel production has been extensively investigated. Lipase is produced by all living organisms and can be used intracellularly or extracellularly. In order to design an economically and environmentally sustainable biodiesel production process, a proper understanding of the f actors affecting the process and their relative importance of enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production is necessary. A general equation for transesterification (where group R is a fatty acid, R’ is the ength of the acyl acceptor and R† is the rest of the triglyercide molecule) is as follows: Methanol is the most popular alcohol used in the transesterification process because of its relatively cheaper price compared to other alcohols. When methanol is used in the process, the reaction is known as methanolysis as shown in the following equation: Lipases from microorganisms (bacterial and fungal) are the most used as biocatalysts in biotechnological applications and organic chemistry. Fungal – source lipases have been found to produce high yields of lipases compare to the animal and plants. Because their bulk production is easier, commercialization of microbial lipases and their involvement in enzymatic biodiesel production are more common than animal and plant ones (Hasan et al. , 2006;Akoh et al. , 2007; Antczak et al. , 2009). The lipase to be employed as the biocatalyst is Candida Antarctica lipase B (Novozyme CABL L), one of the most common fungal lipase used for the production of biodiesel (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). Lipases are capable of converting all the triglycerides derive from the feed stocks into their respective fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs). They act on the ester bonds of carboxylic acids allowing them to carry out their primary reaction of hydrolyzing fats (Joseph et al. , 2008). Enzyme immobilization is an important approach that could be used as a tool to improve and optimize operation stability, activity and selectivity which allows the enzyme to study under harsher environmental condition and also provides their separation from the reaction mixture without filtration in case of packed bed reactor (Fernandez-Lafuente et al. , 1998; Bhushan et al. , 2009; Gao et al. 2006) and, hence, could lead to more favorable economical benefits. The cost of lipase makes up 90% of the total cost of enzymatic biodiesel production. A significant portion of that is associated with the use of expensive carrier or support materials (Dizge et al. , 2009a). Search for cheaper support materials has been ongoing in order to reduce the overall cost of enzymatic biodiesel production (Robles et al. , 2009). Thus it is important to immobilize l ipase, to be able to recover and reuse it repeatedly ( D. S. Clark,1994;D. Cowan, 1996). Immobilization of lipase is the attachment of the enzyme onto a solid support or the confinement of the enzyme in a region of space (Jegannathan et al. , 2008). When proper strategy for the lipase immobilization technology is employed , it provides a number of important benefits including: (a)enzyme reuse, (b) easy of separation of product from enzyme and (c) the potential to run continuous processes via packed-bed reactors (Peilow and Misbah, 2001). Methods of immobilization include chemical and physical means. Among these, the physical immobilization by way of entrapment is the most widely-used method, in which enzymes are entrapped within the sol-gel matrix prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation of precursors (Ko Woon Lee, et al. 2010). Tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) is a widely used precursor for sol-gel immobilization of the enzyme. However, CALB is unstable and shows low catalytic efficiency in the reaction media contains high concentration of methanol and the lipase is also inhibited by the by-product of glycerol. To overcome this, an amphiphilic matrix is developed to immobilize the lipase ((Ko Woon Lee, et al. 2010). The use of solvent in the transesterification process is also considered. Solvents are used to protect the enzyme from denaturation by alcohol by increasing alcohol solubility (Kumari et al. , 2009). The solvent can also increase the solubility of glycerol which is beneficial since the byproduct can coat the enzyme and inhibit its performance (Royon etal. , 2007 ). The use of a common solvent for the reactants and products not only reduces enzyme inhibition but also ensures a homogeneous reaction mixture, reduces the reaction mixture viscosity and stabilizes the immobilized enzyme (Ranganathan et al. , 2008;Fjerbaek et al. , 2009). This is beneficial because homogeneous reaction mixture decreases problems associated with a multiple phase reaction mixture and a reduced viscosity reduces mass transfer problems around the enzyme (Fjerbaek et al. , 2009). The use of solvents significantly increases the reaction rate in comparison to solvent free systems (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). Some study also showed that methanolysis conversion using Candida antarctica was increased when tert-butanol was added to the system (Royon et al. , 2007). This serve as the basis for the choice of tert-butyl to be the solvent use in the system, in order to reduce the inhibition cause of the use of a lower chain alcohol, in this case, the methanol. OBJECTIVES This study aims to produce economical source of feedstocks such as waste-cooking oil for the production of biodiesel and the use of enzyme Candida Antarctica Lipase B, to catalyze to transterification reaction. To be able to determine the yield biodiesel through Gas Chromatographic Analysis (Chrompack CP 9001, Holland). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Oil is one of the most commonly reported types of water pollution, causing nearly a quarter of all pollution incidents. Careless disposal of oil into drainage systems, onto land or to watercourses is an offense. It can harm river birds, fish and other wildlife. Because of the way oil spreads, even a small quantity can cause a lot of harm. It is estimated that UK caterers produce between 50 – 90 million litres of waste cooking oil each year. If this is not disposed of correctly the effects of oil pollution on the environment could be quite devastating. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), estimates that over 200 million gallons of used oil ends up in the trash, and poured into the water each year. This study aims to promote conventional and economic source for the production of biodiesel by using home waste material such as waste cooking oil. Thus, resolving high cost of biodiesel production making it commercially producible and reduce devastation of environment due to high consumption of crude oils from fossil sources. This study will be a significant endeavour in promoting the social needs and to resolve the high prices of the gasoline which is the major economical crisis face in the present society. The advantages of using lipases in biodiesel production are: (a) ability to work in very different media which include biphasic systems, monophasic system (in the presence of hydrophilic or hydrophobic (Am. J. Biochem. Biotech. , 6 (2): 54-76, 2010), (b) they are robust and versatile enzymes that can be produce in bulk because of their extracellular nature in most producing system, (c) many lipases show considerable activity to catalyze transesterification with long or branched chain alcohols, which can hardly be converted to fatty acid esters in the presence of conventional alkaline catalysts, (d) products and byproduct separation in downstream process are xtremely easier, (e) the immobilization of lipases on a carrier has facilitated the repeated use of enzymes after removal from the reaction mixture and when the lipase is in a packed bed reactor, no separation is necessary after transesterification and (f) higher thermostability and short-chain alcohol-tolerant capabilities of lipase make it very convenient for use in biodiesel production (Bacovsky et al. , 2007; Kato et al. , 2007; Robles et al. ,2009). SCOPE AND LIMITATION Like any method for enzymatic biodiesel production, the co st of the lipase to be used is one of great consideration . The limitations of using lipases in biodiesel production include (a) initial activity may be lost because of volume of the oil molecule (Marchetti et al. , 2008; Robles et al. , 2009), (b) the use of solvent does not guarantee the complete protection of enzyme from the inhibitory effect of low chain alcohol, methanol (c) Although lipase is not affected by the high content of FFAs in WCO, the high water content remains a problem (d) the lipase in the biodiesel production is limited on a specific feedstock to be used because of the regioselectivity of the enzyme lipase. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Biodiesel has shown its ability tomeet the energy demand of the world in the transportation, agriculture, commercial and industrial sectors of the economy (Akoh et al. , 2007; Basha et al. , 2009; Shafiee and Topal, 2009; Robles et al. , 2009). The annual world consumption of diesel is approximately 934 million tons, of which Canada and the United States consume 2. 14 and 19. 06%, respectively (Marchetti et al. , 2008). As a green renewable and potentially unlimited, biodiesel has recently come out as the superlative alternative fuel which can be used in compression ignition engines with minor or no modifications (Xu and Wu, 2003; Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008; Robles et al. , 2009; Leung et al. , 2010). The concept of biofuel is not new. Rudolph Diesel was the first to use a vegetable oil (peanut oil) in a diesel engine in 1911 (Akoh et al. , 2007; Antczak et al. ,2009). The use of biofuels in place of conventional fuels would slow the rogression of global warming by reducing sulfur and carbon oxides and hydrocarbon emissions (Fjerbaek et al. , 2009). Because of economic benefits and more power output, biodiesel is often blended with diesel fuel in ratios of 2, 5 and 20% (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). The higher the ratio of biodiesel to diesel the lower the carbon dioxide emission (Fukuda et al. , 2001; Harding et al. , 2007). Using a mixture containing 20% biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide net emissio ns by 15. 66% (Fukuda et al. 2001) while using pure biodiesel makes the net emission of carbon dioxide zero (Vasudevan and Briggs, 2008). The simplest and most efficient route for biodiesel production in large quantities, against less ecofriendly, costly and eventual low yield methods is transesterification. One of the classic organic reactions (transesterification) is the step wise reversible reactions of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. Little excess of alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium towards the formation of esters. Transesterification using an alcohol is a sequence of three reversible consecutive steps. In the first step, triglycerides are converted to diglycerides. In thesecond step, diglycerides are converted to monoglycerides. In the third step, monoglycerides are converted to glycerin molecules (Freedman et al. , 1984; Noureddini and Zhu, 1997; Marchetti et al. , 2008). Each conversion step yields one FAAE molecule, giving a total of three FAAEs per triglyceride molecule as described by the following equations (Murugesan et al. , 2009). 1. Conversion of triglycerides to diglycerides . Conversion of diglycerides to monoglycerides 3. Conversion of monoglycerides tto glycerin molecules In order for the transesterification reaction to be applicable for biodiesel production, the process must be accelerated by the use of catalyst which may be alkaline, acids or enzymes (Bacovsky et al. , 2007; Murugesan et al. ,2009; et al. , 2010). The catalyst employed directly effects the purity of the feedsto ck required, the reaction rate and the extent of post reaction processing needed (McNeff et al. , 2008). To speed up the reaction, heat is also applied. However, this process is very energy intensive and inefficient since FAAE yield below 350 °C is very low and temperatures above 400 °C degrade the ester bonds (Ranganathan et al. , 2008). Generally, the reaction mix is kept just above the boiling point of the alcohol (71-72 °C) to speed up the reaction. The variables known to affect the reaction are: temperature, alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and mixing intensity (Marchetti et al. ,2007). Transesterification catalysts: The transesterification process is catalyzed by alkalis, acids or enzymes. However, the use of alkali catalysts is 100% in commercial sector. The most common alkaline catalysts are sodium hydroxide (NaOH) METHODOLOGY * LIPASE CABL ( Novozyme CABL L) can be purchased from Novozyme (Denmark). All other chemicals can be purchased from Sigma- Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Grown in the  laboratory,  Candida  appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans  is from  Latin  meaning ‘whitish’) colonies with a yeasty odor on  agar plates  at room temperature. IMMOBILIZATION OF LIPASE Sol – gel immobilization in an amphiphilic matrix was shown in figure below; mL of CABL (8. 2 mg/ml) is to be placed in a 50-ml Falcon tube with 1-mL of 0. 2 M phosphate buffer (pH 7). As a catalyst, 50 microliter of 1M sodium fluoride is to be added and the mixture is to be shaken with a vortex mixer. Then, TMOS (2 mM) and the following hydrophobic alkylsilanes (8 mM) is added; methyltrimethoxysilanes (MTMS), ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS), propyltri methoxysilanes (PTMS), and iso-butyltrimethoxysilane (iso-BTMS). Gelation is usually observed within a few minutes while a reaction vessel is gently shaken. Following complete polymerization for 12 hours in a closed Falcon tube, the gel was dried for 24 hours in an open Falcon tube. The gel is to washed with 10 mL of distilled water, 10 mL of 99. 8% iso-propanol, and 10 mL of 95% n-hexane respectively. The immobilized CALB is to be filtered using filter paper, dried at 30 for oC for 36 hours and then ground with mortar and pestle. The particles were sorted using 500 and 300 micrometer sieves and stored at 4 oC until use. ENZYME SOLUTION Immobilized P. cepacia lipase solution is prepare by adding 0. g of lipase to 1 ml of distilled water and soak in water for 30 minutes, prior to being used. This step is found experimentally essential to activate the enzymes. WASTE-COOKING OIL PREPARATION In order to ensure consistency, waste cooking oil is simulated from the commercially available palm oil by heating 1 L of palm oil on a hot plate (Stuart, U. K. ), set at its maximum heating power for two hours. The oil is then allowed to cool to room te mperature and then 5 ml of water (around 5000 ppm) is to be added. The sample is shelved for two weeks before being used. Fresh WCO samples were prepared every two weeks. Bio-Diesel Production in tert-butyl Solvent System Using C. Antarctica Lipase The experiment will be conducted in a specially designed 150 ml capacity jacketed reactor cell. The cell will be kept on a magnetic stirrer (Velp Scientifica, Italy) to facilitate the agitation of the mixture. Water from a temperature controlled water bath (Grant Instruments, UK) circulated through the jacket and will be set to maintain the temperature of the reaction media constant at 45 oC. The temperature used was that presented in the literature to be the optimum(M. M. Soumanou,et al, 2003; H. Fukuda,et al, 2001 ) and an agitation speed was chosen to provide suitable mixing without affecting the activity of the enzyme. In this part, the working volume at the beginning of each experiment was 50 ml, consisting of 5 g of WCO, different volumes of methanol, in the range of 0. 4 to 0. 8 ml (correspond to 0. 57 to 1. 14 molar equivalents of ester bonds in the triglyceride chain), and tert-butyl solution to make up the total volume. The cell is to be covered tightly throughout the progress of the experiments to prevent evaporation. After thermal equilibrium is ensured, 1 ml of enzyme solution containing 0. 4% g of C. Antarctica lipase per g oil is added to initiate the reaction. At suitable intervals, 1. 5 ml samples are withdrawn into a capped vial, immediately immersed in boiling water for at least 5 minutes to denature the enzyme and stop the reaction, and then send for analysis. The amounts of FAMEs in the samples are to be determine by using Gas Chromatograph (Chrompack CP 9001, Holland). How to cite Using Waste Cooking Oil as Feedstock and Candida Antarctica, Essay examples

Working with Community for Educational Leadership- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWorking with Community for Educational Leadership. Answer: University period is considered as the most crucial time of a student life. This is known as the first step to achieve the aim of life. During the university time, one needs to concentrate into their own study, which will be helpful for them to achieve their goal. Everyone needs to pay attention to the class and take lecture notes to stay updated. It will help them to gather knowledge about their course and it will help them to achieve desired result in examination. For better result, one can enrol into the special course where they will get better idea about their subject and notes as well. However, this is not enough to be enrolled into any tuition or course. They need to practice all the practices they have learned in the classes on a regular basis. It will help them to enhance their skills and potential. Students will become able to solve their issues. Thus, it will be helpful for the learning community as well. Learning communities can also perform such things to sharpen their s kills and overcome various challenges. People from the same community must share these ideas with each other to help each other to achieve desired goal in the life (Nieto 2015). People can learn various things from their small community that can be beneficial for their personal development. People who are willing to learn must keep their eyes open, as they can gather knowledge from many person of their community. People can learn how to be determined to achieve the goal of life from the community people. They can learn how to enhance the potentiality and nurture the skills to improve it. Community people can help any person to learn about how to shape the behaviour that can be helpful to earn the goal. Behaviour of a person is often influenced by the people. They learn how to behave maturely during any emergency or crisis. At the same time, a person can learn how to gather knowledge which will be beneficial for the future (DuFour and DuFour 2013). To cultivate a learning community one must increase the capability to hear others opinion as well. Everyone should get a strong platform to share his or her views, opinions. It will strengthen the bonding between the community members. One must think about us instead of I. They must pay close attention to the requirement of all the members of the organization, in spite of looking for own benefits (Mertler 2016). Group discussion can be conducted to discuss about the issues and challenges. It will provide scope to everyone to come up with his or her queries. Suggestions from other community members will help them to resolve their queries. In order to resolve the issues that are being faced by the community members during their study, they must meet often and discuss about their issues. Problem needs to be addressed and resolved on the priority basis (Cocklin 2014). Reference: Cocklin, B., 2014.Learning communities in education. Routledge. DuFour, R. and DuFour, R., 2013.Learning by doing: A handbook for professional learning communities at work TM. Solution Tree Press. Mertler, C.A., 2016. Leading and facilitating educational change through action research learning communities.Journal of Ethical Educational Leadership,3(3), pp.1-11. Nieto, S., 2015.The light in their eyes: Creating multicultural learning communities. Teachers College Press.

Case Study Healthy Hospital Staff

Question: Discuss about theCase Study for Healthy Hospital Staff. Answer: Introduction The situation has been based on how the Healthy Hospital staff was having problems related to the slow payments to their account. With the old system software, there were certain degradations and the customisations. As per the regulatory changes and the market factors with the macroeconomic conditions, there is a fall in the annual profits which has been declining from $3M in 2005 to $1M in 2010. With this, there have been vendors who complained about the slowing down of the payments. Hence, a permanent account department person was hired for a full-time. But with this, there were some suspicious large cash disbursements which were entirely uncovered by him. Hence, a proper information security needs to be installed in the systems of the hospital so that there have been no problems with the security and the virus. (Struther et al., 2015). The technology and the management control will be able to handle the employees to illustrate the professional guidance and other principle effects. Organisation Dealing Strategy with the Issues As per the analysis of the case study, it is found that there have been certain internal controls and the red flags of the fraud, detected in the information system. Considering about how Downs was interviewing Harris for becoming the assistant employee to handle the finance of the hospital. Initially, there were issues as Harris was only hired for the temporary time and so his identification and the background was not investigated. But with time, it was found that Harris has been involved in the illegal activity as his family members had a suspicious history in the hospital. (Mselle et al., 2015). Hence, a red flag came into the introduction for the implementation of the documented plan with the protection of the consumers from identification of theft. There was a discussion of nepotism issue in the financial account procedures that were directly related to the accounts payable department. With this, when the vendor was identified, there was assurance by the account payable manager for the updating of all the necessary data to make sure that there is a timely and accurate proceeding. This will help in reviewing the data file for the accuracy and the completeness. Harris was nowhere asked the questions as he was able to present his philanthropic work to the HH. (MSellet et al., 2015). The strengthening involves the changing of the attitude of the employees. The sole responsibility is to ferret the wrong doings with the breaking of the rules, personal and the professional procedures. The strengthening of the defining, clarifying and holding ownership roles and responsibilities. (Koru et al., 2016). HH needs to focus on the policies, processes and procedures view with the process that will be holding the encompassing from the different business units. (Bergstrom et al., 2015). Communication helps in the establishment of the enhanced enterprise-wide. The focus has been on the process and procedures to understand the roles where the incident occurs. Downs is mainly responsible for all the fraud that has occurred in HH. He has not been able to take a proper interview and check on his background even after keeping him as a permanent employee. Also, Smith ignored Walter acquisition of the nepotism issue in the accounts payable department. Hence, he will be considered to be the major reason of fraud in the company. (McBrider et al., 2015). An extreme ignorance could be noticed when there were certain issues related to the job which was processing under the Oracle system. Also, Tracy should be responsible for her work for processing the data to ensure the timely and the accurate processing. This has also led to the inactivity of the vendors and the problems in the complete data integrity issues. Harris has surely been a part of the fraud where there has been six cash disbursement of the authorisation forms which contained the invoice data of the vendor with the amount. Hence, the amount inputted data contain the accounting forms with the payable accounting module. With this, there was a fraud that was involved in the printing and the mailing of the physical checks to the vendors of HH. (Ojha et al., 2016). The person who allowed Harris to access the safe with some pre-signed checks is also to be blamed for the fraud. The Internal Audit Manager should be focusing on the gathering of the information which is needed mainly to identify the risks of the misstatement. The assessing of the risks is taken into account for the evaluation of the programs of the entity and the controls. The auditing committee will be able to process the utilization to identify properly, document and revaluate. With the red flag in the information system, it is possible to focus on taking appropriate ac tions with the close patterns and control operations. (Montle et al., 2015). The fraud risks could be structures through possibly identifying the schemes and then identifying the gaps which are related to this. There is a need to focus on the risks fraud assessing which will help in finding all the undetected frauds which are likely for the growth from the smaller beginning into something impactful. (McBride et al., 2015). The internal audit also contributes to the helping management with the proper understanding to ensure the preventive and the front line detective control. A code of conduct can be applied for the communication with a properly defined pattern where the training will increase the understanding of the employees along with the obligations. The decision is through the respecting the principles of the separate functions along with allowing the employees to execute the entire cycle of the transactions with properly examining the staff based on the qualifications. The identification and the authentication control of the mechanisms with the proper setup of the system will help in defining the procedures. The control mechanism will support the individual accountability and the auditing trials. (Menon, 2015). The description is based on verifying the system provided default administrative passwords. The Logical Access Controls are based on authorizing and then restricting the user activities will depend on describing the hardware and the software features. This will help in describing the control to detect all the unauthorized attempt of the transactions with the completely focus on the user activities. For the auditing, there is a need for the public access controls for the accessing of the system. This will help in controlling the problems and fraud done by Harris by changing the invoice data. (Chen, 2016). The system level or application level administrator includes the auditing trails with the applications software problem. The analysis of th e tools is based on the auditing reduction with attack signature and variance techniques. With the change in technology, there is a need to focus on the client business environment and whether the vendors are happy with their job. Also, there is a need to focus on the information technology that has been implemented with the proper software system. The services to the hospital need to include the assurance and compliance with the revenue management. The health hospital needs to focus on the revenue management with the proper development of the system where there is no chance of the fraud in accounts. In the present time, there is such software which will help in setting the exact data as per the requirement, and it cannot be changed automatically. The accessing of the pre-signed checks should also be replaced by the computerized checks or analysis, which will clearly determine the transactions. The President and the Vice President with the account payable manager need to have a proper communication about the operating procedures when it is specially related to the finance. (Chen, 2016). Conclusion HH also needs to focus on the hiring of the temporary and the permanent employees. In the present time, it is always recommendable to hire a person only after a proper checking of the background history he has. Considering the case study, if HH would have analysed Harris background, then it is sure that he would not have been appointed even as a temporary employee. Reference Struthers, C.B., Akingbule, A.S. and Obi, C.F., 2015. Illini Community Hospital Community Health Needs Assessment 2015. Mselle, L.T. and Kohi, T.W., 2015. Perceived health system causes of obstetric fistula from accounts of affected women in rural Tanzania: a qualitative study.African journal of reproductive health,19(1), pp.124-132. Bergstrm, A., Skeen, S., Duc, D.M., Blandon, E.Z., Estabrooks, C., Gustavsson, P., Hoa, D.T.P., Kllestl, C., Mlqvist, M., Nga, N.T. and Persson, L.., 2015. Health system context and implementation of evidence-based practicesdevelopment and validation of the Context Assessment for Community Health (COACH) tool for low-and middle-income settings.Implementation Science,10(1), p.1. Menon, N.M., 2015. IT-Related Spillovers between Insurers and Healthcare Providers: Implications for Medical Fraud Detection, Hospital Quality, and Subsequent IT Investments.Hospital Quality, and Subsequent IT Investments (November 16, 2015). Chen, E.T., 2016. Examining the Influence of Information Technology on Modern Health Care.Effective Methods for Modern Healthcare Service Quality and Evaluation, p.110. Gelinas, U., S. Sutton, and J. Hunton, 2015. Accounting Information Systems, Sixth Edition, South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, OH. McBride, S., Sobel, A. and Caton-Peters, H., 2015. Privacy and Security in a Ubiquitous Health Information Technology World.Nursing Informatics for the Advanced Practice Nurse: Patient Safety, Quality, Outcomes, and Interprofessionalism. Montle, G., Levy, R. and Rowland, M., 2015. Our Patent System and Health Care Information Technology: Valuable Incentive or Impediment to Innovation?. Ojha, M. and Mathur, K., 2016, March. Proposed application of big data analytics in healthcare at Maharaja Yeshwantrao Hospital. In2016 3rd MEC International Conference on Big Data and Smart City (ICBDSC)(pp. 1-7). IEEE. McBride, S., Sobel, A. and Caton-Peters, H., 2015. Privacy and Security in a Ubiquitous Health Information Technology World.Nursing Informatics for the Advanced Practice Nurse: Patient Safety, Quality, Outcomes, and Interprofessionalism. Koru, G., Alhuwail, D., Topaz, M., Norcio, A.F. and Mills, M.E., 2016. Investigating the challenges and opportunities in home care to facilitate effective information technology adoption.Journal of the American Medical Directors Association,17(1), pp.53-58. Mselle, L.T. and Kohi, T.W., 2015. Perceived health system causes of obstetric fistula from accounts of affected women in rural Tanzania: a qualitative study.African journal of reproductive health,19(1), pp.124-132.

Thesis Docu free essay sample

Any organization which can produce the right records at the right time manifest efficiency and effectiveness. That is the reason why, companies adopt and apply the improvement on the systematic procedures in any matter, taking for instance, the record management to make their organization manifests the efficiency and effectiveness. Companies with lots of clientele commonly avail and utilize systems that will electronically manage their records. That is the reason why the proponents come up with this kind of study to give our chosen locale, the Mexico Community Hospital†, a system that will help them manage their records electronically and will provide them less hurdles and hassles on working with their daily transaction and on human working efficiency. 1. Background of the Study A hospital residing in San Carlos, Mexico, Pampanga needs a technological modernization to continuously enhance their services for the ease and benefit of their customer. It is a government hospital named â€Å"Mexico Community Hospital† which was established on October 28, 2010. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Docu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Considering the dates of its establishment, the hospital operates with less than a year, as expected, they implement the traditional process of managing their records and a manual process in every transactions. Mexico Community Hospital consists of 41 bedroom capacity with 4 resident doctors and 101 staffs and has a total of 70 nurses working everyday. To provide sustainable, accessible, affordable and assured quality health care for all, especially the indigents is the mission of the hospital. A world class public hospital with value-driven healthcare and with dedicated staff serving efficiently and competently. Implementing the LAN-Based Hospital Record Management and Billing System with Barcode technology will help all the staffs with their daily work and function because the main purpose of the study is to help improve the hospitals’ process and transactions. 2. Statement of the Problem With the help of the information gathered, the proponents have known of various possible problems. By defining the specific problems the proponents have come up to think of the general problems encountered in the current manual system. General Problem